Variable Responses to Carbon Utilization between Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of a Human Carrier Strain of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhi

<div><p><i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi (<i>S</i>. Typhi) is a foodborne pathogen that causes typhoid fever and infects only humans. The ability of <i>S</i>. Typhi to survive outside the human host remains unclear, particularly in human carrier strains. In this study, we have investigated the catabolic activity of a human carrier <i>S</i>. Typhi strain in both planktonic and biofilm cells using the high-throughput Biolog Phenotype MicroArray, Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) biofilm inoculator (96-well peg lid) and whole genome sequence data. Additional strains of <i>S</i>. Typhi were tested to further validate the variation of catabolism in selected carbon substrates in the different bacterial growth phases. The analyzes of the carbon utilization data indicated that planktonic cells of the carrier strain, <i>S</i>. Typhi CR0044 could utilize a broader range of carbon substrates compared to biofilm cells. Pyruvic acid and succinic acid which are related to energy metabolism were actively catabolised in the planktonic stage compared to biofilm stage. On the other hand, glycerol, L-fucose, L-rhamnose (carbohydrates) and D-threonine (amino acid) were more actively catabolised by biofilm cells compared to planktonic cells. Notably, dextrin and pectin could induce strong biofilm formation in the human carrier strain of <i>S</i>. Typhi. However, pectin could not induce formation of biofilm in the other <i>S</i>. Typhi strains. Phenome data showed the utilization of certain carbon substrates which was supported by the presence of the catabolism-associated genes in <i>S</i>. Typhi CR0044. In conclusion, the findings showed the differential carbon utilization between planktonic and biofilm cells of a <i>S</i>. Typhi human carrier strain. The differences found in the carbon utilization profiles suggested that <i>S</i>. Typhi uses substrates mainly found in the human biliary mucus glycoprotein, gallbladder, liver and cortex of the kidney of the human host. The observed diversity in the carbon catabolism profiles among different <i>S</i>. Typhi strains has suggested the possible involvement of various metabolic pathways that might be related to the virulence and pathogenesis of this host-restricted human pathogen. The data serve as a caveat for future <i>in-vivo</i> studies to investigate the carbon metabolic activity to the pathogenesis of <i>S</i>. Typhi.</p>