Change in absolute fluorescent intensity over time for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> exposed to ethidium bromide in the efflux pump inhibitor piperine.

<p>Fluorescence increases over time due to intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide. The increase is more pronounced in the presence of piperine, which enhances intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide by blocking efflux. Data points represent the mean of 3 samples, error bars represent standard deviation.