Nuclear Species-Diagnostic SNP Markers Mined from 454 Amplicon Sequencing Reveal Admixture Genomic Structure of Modern <i>Citrus</i> Varieties

<div><p>Most cultivated <i>Citrus</i> species originated from interspecific hybridisation between four ancestral taxa (<i>C</i>. <i>reticulata</i>, <i>C</i>. <i>maxima</i>, <i>C</i>. <i>medica</i>, and <i>C</i>. <i>micrantha</i>) with limited further interspecific recombination due to vegetative propagation. This evolution resulted in admixture genomes with frequent interspecific heterozygosity. Moreover, a major part of the phenotypic diversity of edible citrus results from the initial differentiation between these taxa. Deciphering the phylogenomic structure of citrus germplasm is therefore essential for an efficient utilization of citrus biodiversity in breeding schemes. The objective of this work was to develop a set of species-diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the four <i>Citrus</i> ancestral taxa covering the nine chromosomes, and to use these markers to infer the phylogenomic structure of secondary species and modern cultivars. Species-diagnostic SNPs were mined from 454 amplicon sequencing of 57 gene fragments from 26 genotypes of the four basic taxa. Of the 1,053 SNPs mined from 28,507 kb sequence, 273 were found to be highly diagnostic for a single basic taxon. Species-diagnostic SNP markers (105) were used to analyse the admixture structure of varieties and rootstocks. This revealed <i>C</i>. <i>maxima</i> introgressions in most of the old and in all recent selections of mandarins, and suggested that <i>C</i>. <i>reticulata</i> × <i>C</i>. <i>maxima</i> reticulation and introgression processes were important in edible mandarin domestication. The large range of phylogenomic constitutions between <i>C</i>. <i>reticulata</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>maxima</i> revealed in mandarins, tangelos, tangors, sweet oranges, sour oranges, grapefruits, and orangelos is favourable for genetic association studies based on phylogenomic structures of the germplasm. Inferred admixture structures were in agreement with previous hypotheses regarding the origin of several secondary species and also revealed the probable origin of several acid citrus varieties. The developed species-diagnostic SNP marker set will be useful for systematic estimation of admixture structure of citrus germplasm and for diverse genetic studies.</p>