Intermediate cluster assignment indices in <i>P</i>. <i>knowlesi</i> infections in humans and macaques.

<p>The index for each infection was based on the proportion of shared ancestry between Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 inferred by the STRUCTURE analysis on all samples genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. An index below 0.25 signifies the individual parasites were predominantly either Cluster 1 or Cluster 2 while those above 0.25 had more intermediate assignment (up to a maximum index value of 0.5). (A) There was no significant difference between single or multiple genotype human infections in the distribution of the indices (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.20). (B) Intermediate cluster assignment indices were lower in infections from macaques in Kapit than in human infections overall (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001), but were not significantly different from human infections in Kapit (P = 0.25). Among geographical sites, the indices for human infections were significantly higher in Kelantan than in Kapit, Betong, Kanowit, Kudat or Ranau (P < 0.05 for each pairwise comparison after Bonferroni correction).