<i>In vivo</i> 1Z1 treatment reduces the progression of insulitis and activation of T cells in local lymph nodes.

<p>(A) NOD mice (n = 10) were s.c. treated daily with 1Z1 from 8 to 12 weeks of age (indicated by the gray box) and diabetes incidence was monitored to 28 weeks of age. (B) Pancreases of NOD mice treated with vehicle or 1Z1 for 4 weeks were harvested and stained with H&E, and severity of insulitis was evaluated. Ten to 40 islets from each pancreas were scored. The scoring and calculation of insulitis indexes were described in the Material and Methods. Data shown are representative of two independent experiments that had similar results. (C) Representative pancreas islets stained with H&E. Original magnification × 200. The bar indicates 200 μm. (D) Diabetes incidence of NOD mice (n = 10) s.c. treated with vehicle or 1Z1 starting at 9 weeks of age. The mice were treated for 18 weeks, indicated by the gray box, and monitored up to 38 weeks of age. (E) Representative surface expression of PD-L1 on CD11c⁺ gated cells from the peri-pancreatic draining lymph nodes and spleens pooled from NOD mice (n = 3–5 /group) treated daily with vehicle or 400nmol 1Z1. and (F) the average MFI ± SEM for 6 independent experiments is shown. The mRNA transcripts for (G) PD-L1, (H) IRAK-M and (I) IL-10 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Shown are the averages± SEM pooled from three independent experiments.