The negative effect of higher elephant browsing on herbivory by mesoherbivores across all 10 plots in the elephant access area (all squares, solid line) on footslopes (open squares, dashed line) and on crests (filled squares, dotted line) (N = 5 sites for each slope position).

<p>Elephant browsing was measured as browsing intensity (number of browsing events per hectare). In order to account for among-site effects (i.e., local non-elephant density), relative browsing by mesoherbivores was calculated as the difference in browsing events between Balule (elephant present) and Ukhozi (elephant absent) for each pair of corresponding elephant-effect plots.