Overexpression of Rat Neurons Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rice Enhances Drought and Salt Tolerance

<div><p>Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play an important role in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis mutants with lower or higher levels of endogenous NO. The exogenous application of NO donors or scavengers has also suggested an important role for NO in plant defense against environmental stress. In this study, rice plants under drought and high salinity conditions showed increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and NO levels. Overexpression of rat neuronal NO synthase (<i>nNOS</i>) in rice increased both NOS activity and NO accumulation, resulting in improved tolerance of the transgenic plants to both drought and salt stresses. <i>nNOS</i>-overexpressing plants exhibited stronger water-holding capability, higher proline accumulation, less lipid peroxidation and reduced electrolyte leakage under drought and salt conditions than wild rice. Moreover, <i>nNOS</i>-overexpressing plants accumulated less H₂O₂, due to the observed up-regulation of <i>OsCATA</i>, <i>OsCATB</i> and <i>OsPOX1</i>. In agreement, the activities of CAT and POX were higher in transgenic rice than wild type. Additionally, the expression of six tested stress-responsive genes including <i>OsDREB2A</i>, <i>OsDREB2B</i>, <i>OsSNAC1</i>, <i>OsSNAC2</i>, <i>OsLEA3</i> and <i>OsRD29A</i>, in <i>nNOS</i>-overexpressing plants was higher than that in the wild type under drought and high salinity conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that <i>nNOS</i> overexpression suppresses the stress-enhanced electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and H₂O₂ accumulation, and promotes proline accumulation and the expression of stress-responsive genes under stress conditions, thereby promoting increased tolerance to drought and salt stresses.</p>