Dual-culture assay for bioactivity of volatile organic compounds produced by <i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i>.

<p>(a) Experimental design used with the following test organisms. Plate with <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> was on the bottom and test pathogen culture was on the top plate with the culture facing down. (b) CK: <i>Monilinia fructicola</i> growing on a PDA plate for 6 days. T: <i>M</i>. <i>fructicola</i> growing on a PDA plate with 6-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i>. (c) CK: <i>M</i>. <i>fructicola</i> growing on a PDA plate for 4 days. R: <i>M</i>. <i>fructicola</i> after 6-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> transferred to a fresh PDA plate and grown for another 4 days. (d) <i>M</i>. <i>fructicola</i>, exposed to 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7-day old cultures of <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> for 5 days, respectively. (e) CK: <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> growing on a PDA plate for 6 days. T: <i>P</i>. <i>digitatum</i> growing on a PDA plate with 6-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i>. (f) CK: <i>P</i>. <i>digitatum</i> growing on a PDA plate for 4 days. R: <i>P</i>. <i>digitatum</i> after 6-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> transferred to a fresh PDA plate and grown for another 4 days. (g) CK: <i>P</i>. <i>italicum</i> growing on a PDA plate for 5 days. T: <i>P</i>. <i>italicum</i> growing on a PDA plate with 5-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i>. (h) CK: <i>Phytophthora capsici</i> growing on a CA plate for 6 days. T: <i>P</i>. <i>capsici</i> growing on a CA plate with 6-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i>. (i) CK: <i>Acidovorax avena</i> growing on a LB plate for 2 days. T: <i>A</i>. <i>avena</i> growing on a LB plate with 2-day exposure to the VOCs from <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i>.