ATRA protects H9c2 cells from H/R-induced cell apoptosis.

<p>(<b>A</b>) TUNEL detection of H9c2 cells from H/R (n = 3) and ATRA (n = 3) treatment groups (×200) indicated large numbers of TUNEL-positive cells were visible in the H/R group (arrow), but were lower in the ATRA treatment group. Quantitative analysis of apoptosis revealed significantly fewer apoptotic cells in ATRA treatment groups. (<b>B</b>) After 2 h of treatment with different concentrations of ATRA for 24 h or 1 mM H₂O₂, H9c2 cells were subjected to H/R injury, and the relative number of annexin-V-positive cells was determined using flow cytometry (n = 3 in every group, ^#<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i>. H/R). Data is expressed as means ± SD.