The ketogenic diet causes a significant decrease in insulin, but does not affect the PI3K pathway.

<p>(A) Insulin levels were significantly reduced by 2 days after initiation of the diet. Average serum concentration was 1.64 ng/ml on the standard diet in comparison to 0.45 ng/ml on the ketogenic diet (<i>p</i> = 0.003). (B) Phosphorylated AKT was present in tumor tissues and the level of phosphorylation was not significantly different between the two groups treated with different diets (<i>p</i> = 0.89 standardized to GAPDH, <i>p</i> = 0.64 standardized to AKT). (C) Foxo3a was localized in the cytoplasm independent of the diet. S = standard diet, K = ketogenic diet.