Copper contamination impairs herbivore initiation of seaweed inducible defenses and decreases their effectiveness

<p>Contamination During Induction.</p> <p>Mean consumption (±SE) of Grazed and Non-grazed Silvetia compressa by Tegula funebralis during uncontaminated choice bioassays using seaweeds that were previously induced with snails under Ambient and Elevated copper exposures. Grazed seaweeds are denoted by black bars and Non-grazed seaweeds by white bars. Asterisks (*) above horizontal bars designate statistical difference of repeated measures test (p<0.05). Asterisks (*) found above paired Ambient bars designate statistical difference between Grazed and Non-grazed tissues (p<0.05).