Characterization of the effect of TiO2 nanoparticle treatment (50 ppm) for duration of 72 h on primary hepatocyte mitochondrial dynamics.

<p>(A-B) Relative gene expressions of mitochondrial fusion markers through qPCR using double normalization with respect to total RNA and housekeeping gene (GAPDH). The values are the mean ± SD of four different samples, significant difference with respect to control is denoted as * p value < 0.001, # p value< 0.05. (C) Fluorescent imaging of the mitochondrial morphology in primary rat hepatocytes using Mitotracker green FM. Scale 20 microns. In the control image, long fiber-like mitochondrial morphology can be observed, as compared to fragmented and swollen mitochondria as seen in nanoparticle treated samples.