A novel mechanism to reduce coercive field of ferroelectric materials via {1 1 1} twin engineering

<p>Fig. 6. (a) A quasi-three-dimensional twinned structure under AC loading. (b) The simulated curves of polarization versus electric field. The polarization switching process of untwined structure and twinned structure is shown in (c1–c4) and (d1–d7) respectively, where the black arrows denote the orientation of average polarization and the white arrows denote the domain wall (DW) motion directions.