Copper Nanowires: A Substitute for Noble Metals to Enhance Photocatalytic H₂ Generation

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal approach was developed as a general strategy to decorate copper nanowires (CuNWs) with nanorods (NRs) or nanoparticles (NPs) of metal oxides, metal sulfides, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The microwave irradiation induced local “super hot” dots generated on the CuNWs surface, which initiated the adsorption and chemical reactions of the metal ions, accompanied by the growth and assembly of NPs building blocks along the metal nanowires’ surfaces. This solution-processed approach enables the NRs (NPs) @CuNWs hybrid structure to exhibit three unique characteristics: (1) high coverage density of NRs (NPs) per NWs with the morphology of NRs (NPs) directly growing from the CuNWs core, (2) intimate contact between CuNWs and NRs (NPs), and (3) flexible choices of material composition. Such hybrid structures also increased light absorption by light scattering. In general, the TiO₂/CuNWs showed excellent photocatalytic activity for H₂ generation. The corresponding hydrogen production rate is 5104 μmol h^–1 g^–1 with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 17.2%, a remarkably high AQY among the noble-metal free TiO₂ photocatalysts. Such performance may be associated with the favorable geometry of the hybrid system, which is characterized by a large contact area between the photoactive materials (TiO₂) and the H₂ evolution cocatalyst (Cu), the fast and short diffusion paths of photogenerated electrons transferring from the TiO₂ to the CuNWs. This study not only shows a possibility for the utilization of low cost copper nanowires as a substitute for noble metals in enhanced solar photocatalytic H₂ generation but also exhibits a general strategy for fabricating other highly active H₂ production photocatalysts by a facile microwave-assisted solution approach