Herbivory, size and measures of reproductive performance of control plants (open bars) and plants treated with insecticide (filled bars) in three <i>Lythrum salicaria</i> populations (the southern Forsmark, the central Vitskärsudden, and the northern Skagsudden) in Sweden in the year of the experimental treatment.

<p>Population means ± SE are given for continuous variables and proportions for flowering status: (a) proportion of leaf area removed, (b) early-season plant height, (c) late-season plant height, (d) proportion of plants flowering, (e) number of flowers per reproductive plant, (f) number of seeds per flower, (g) number of fruits produced per plant including vegetative plants and (h) number of seeds produced per plant including vegetative plants. Significant differences between control plants and plants from which herbivores where removed are indicated. * <i>P</i> < 0.05, ** <i>P</i> < 0.01, *** <i>P</i> < 0.001.