Genome-Wide Identification of the Invertase Gene Family in <i>Populus</i>

<div><p>Invertase plays a crucial role in carbohydrate partitioning and plant development as it catalyses the irreversible hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. The invertase family in plants is composed of two sub-families: acid invertases, which are targeted to the cell wall and vacuole; and neutral/alkaline invertases, which function in the cytosol. In this study, 5 cell wall invertase genes (<i>PtCWINV1</i>-<i>5</i>), 3 vacuolar invertase genes (<i>PtVINV1</i>-<i>3</i>) and 16 neutral/alkaline invertase genes (<i>PtNINV1</i>-<i>16</i>) were identified in the <i>Populus</i> genome and found to be distributed on 14 chromosomes. A comprehensive analysis of poplar invertase genes was performed, including structures, chromosome location, phylogeny, evolutionary pattern and expression profiles. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two sub-families were both divided into two clades. Segmental duplication is contributed to neutral/alkaline sub-family expansion. Furthermore, the <i>Populus</i> invertase genes displayed differential expression in roots, stems, leaves, leaf buds and in response to salt/cold stress and pathogen infection. In addition, the analysis of enzyme activity and sugar content revealed that invertase genes play key roles in the sucrose metabolism of various tissues and organs in poplar. This work lays the foundation for future functional analysis of the invertase genes in <i>Populus</i> and other woody perennials.</p>