A: Example of acupuncture manipulation education system (AMES) and two different types of visual feedbacks: concurrent and post-trial visual feedback. B: Experimental setup and procedure.

<p>The experiment comprised two sessions: simple and complicated lifting/thrusting movements. Each session consisted of (1) a pre-training test, (2) training across eight trials, and (3) a post-training test. During the pre- and post-training tests, participants performed acupuncture needle manipulations without any visual information, and aimed to mimic the motion template as closely as possible (+). A simulation of their own motion (green line) overlapped the motion template (red line) in the concurrent visual feedback (VF) group; the motion information (green line) of the post-trial VF group was presented, along with the motion template (red line), immediately subsequent to each trial.