Swimming performance of hatchling green turtles is affected by incubation temperature

In an experiment repeated for two separate years, incubation temperature was found to affect the body size and swimming performance of hatchling green turtles (Chelonia mydas). In the first year, hatchlings from eggs incubated at 26 degrees C were larger in size than hatchlings from 28 and 30 degrees C, whilst in the second year hatchlings from 25.5 degrees C were similar in size to hatchings from 30 degrees C. Clutch of origin influenced the size of hatchlings at all incubation temperatures even when differences in egg size were taken into account. In laboratory measurements of swimming performance, in seawater at 28 degrees C, hatchlings from eggs incubated at 25.5 and 26 degrees C had a lower stroke rate frequency and lower force output than hatchlings from 28 and 30 degrees C. These differences appeared to be caused by the muscles of hatchlings from cooler temperatures fatiguing at a faster rate. Clutch of origin did not influence swimming performance. This finding that hatchling males incubated at lower temperature had reduced swimming ability may affect their survival whilst running the gauntlet of predators in shallow near-shore waters, prior to reaching the relative safety of the open sea