Topical application of pyriproxyfen increased <i>Vg</i>, <i>HR3</i>, <i>USP</i>, and <i>EcR</i> gene expression levels in (A) adults and (B) pupae of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.

<p>Total RNA was extracted from the fat body at three time points. Data were collected from three independent experiments with five female insects in each experiment, and were normalized to the level of the β-actin mRNA. Vertical error bars indicate standard errors (*<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05; **<i>P</i> ≤ 0.01; ***<i>P</i> ≤ 0.001).