Schematic Illustration of Fibroblast Directional Sensing in EF.

<p>In fields of direct current, cations move toward the cathode, and anions move toward the anode. Calcium ions permeate the cell through SOCs at the drift velocity, and this was the primary physical mechanism for directional cell motility and sensation of the electrical field. A positively charged RTK moves to the cathode-facing membrane in an electrophoretic process and recruits the PI3K to that surface; then, the PI3K pathway is responsible for cytoskeletal polymerization and cell migration toward the cathode.