Lifting and Splitting of Nonpremixed Methane/Air Flames Due to Reactant Preheating

<div><p>In order to assess the impact of initial reactant temperature on the occurrence of local extinction (LE) and the subsequent lifting process of non-premixed attached flames with increasing fuel injection velocity, hydroxyl radical planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) and high-speed CH*-chemiluminescence visualizations were conducted in a methane/air jet-flame, with preheating up to 1000 K. LE occurrence probability increases when approaching lifting, and the preheating level (T_ox,ref) affects the probability density function (PDF) shape of LE axial origin. At low T_ox,ref, partial lifting events occur near the burner lip, eventually leading the flame to lift directly from the very flame base. At higher T_ox,ref, partial lifting events no longer occur, and LE is mostly witnessed in the flame breakpoint zone (axially from 1 to 3 jet diameters), resulting in a breakpoint lifting process. For very high T_ox,ref (1000 K), local extinctions become widespread in the breakpoint zone so that a stable split flame is achieved prior to the lifted regime.</p>