Assessment of Polarity in GaN Self-Assembled Nanowires by Electrical Force Microscopy

In this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of atomic force microscopies (AFMs) for the nondestructive determination of the polarity of GaN nanowires (NWs). Three complementary AFMs are analyzed here: Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), light-assisted KPFM, and piezo-force microscopy (PFM). These techniques allow us to assess the polarity of individual NWs over an area of tens of μm² and provide statistics on the polarity of the ensemble with an accuracy hardly reachable by other methods. The precise quantitative analysis of the tip–sample interaction by multidimensional spectroscopic measurements, combined with advanced data analysis, has allowed the separate characterization of electrostatic and van der Waals forces as a function of tip–sample distance. Besides their polarity, the net surface charge density of individual NWs was estimated