Typical 600 MHz ¹H-NMR spectra from a control rat.

<p>A) Serum sample. B) Aqueous liver extract sample. <i>Peak 1</i>, low-density-lipoproteins/very-low-density-lipoproteins (LDL/VLDL); <i>peak 2</i>, leucine; <i>peak 3</i>, isoleucine; <i>peak 4</i>, valine; <i>peak 5</i>, ethanol; <i>peak 6</i>, lactate; <i>peak 7</i>, alanine; <i>peak 8</i>, lysine; <i>peak 9</i>, acetate; <i>peak 10</i>, glutamate; <i>peak 11</i>, pyruvate; <i>peak 12</i>, glutamine; <i>peak 13</i>, citrate; <i>peak 14</i>, creatine; <i>peak 15</i>, betaine; <i>peak 16</i>, taurine; <i>peak 17</i>, β-glucose; <i>peak 18</i>, α-glucose; <i>peak 19</i>, threonine; <i>peak 20</i>, choline; <i>peak 21</i>, glycine; <i>peak 22</i>, 3-hydroxybutyrate; <i>peak 23</i>, succinate; <i>peak 24</i>, reduced glutathione (GSH); <i>peak 25</i>, oxidized glutathione (GSSG); <i>peak 26</i>, hypotaurine; <i>peak 27</i>, phosphorylcholine; <i>peak 28</i>, inosine; <i>peak 29</i>, glycogen; <i>peak 30</i>, uridine; <i>peak 31</i>, fumarate; <i>peak 32</i>, tyrosine; <i>peak 33</i>, phenylalanine; <i>peak 34</i>, niaciamide; <i>peak 35</i>, NAD+; <i>peak 36</i>, NADP+.