Evolution of protein aggregation rate.

<p>(A) Distribution of VHL-mCherry in ancestor and evolved cells. (B) Changes of protein aggregation rate during evolution. The ancestor and evolved lines carry the mistranslation-causing tRNA_CAG^Ser construct. The ancestor is isogenic to the wild type, with the only exception being that the latter carries an empty vector instead of tRNA_CAG^Ser. The number of cells with and without aggregated foci was counted, and the ratio of cells with aggregated foci was calculated. This ratio calculated in ancestor and evolved lines was normalized to the ratio calculated in the wild type. The ratio of the cells with aggregated foci can be used as a proxy for protein aggregation rate. The bars indicate mean ± 95% confidence interval. Mann-Whitney U was used to assess difference in fitness between ancestor and evolved lines. * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05.