Atomic Origins of Monoclinic-Tetragonal (Rutile) Phase Transition in Doped VO₂ Nanowires

There has been long-standing interest in tuning the metal–insulator phase transition in vanadium dioxide (VO₂) via the addition of chemical dopants. However, the underlying mechanisms by which doping elements regulate the phase transition in VO₂ are poorly understood. Taking advantage of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we reveal the atomistic origins by which tungsten (W) dopants influence the phase transition in single crystalline W_<i>x</i>V_1–<i>x</i>O₂ nanowires. Our atomically resolved strain maps clearly show the localized strain normal to the (122̅) lattice planes of the low W-doped monoclinic structure (insulator). These strain maps demonstrate how anisotropic localized stress created by dopants in the monoclinic structure accelerates the phase transition and lead to relaxation of structure in tetragonal form. In contrast, the strain distribution in the high W-doped VO₂ structure is relatively uniform as a result of transition to tetragonal (metallic) phase. The directional strain gradients are furthermore corroborated by density functional theory calculations that show the energetic consequences of distortions to the local structure. These findings pave the roadmap for lattice-stress engineering of the MIT behavior in strongly correlated materials for specific applications such as ultrafast electronic switches and electro-optical sensors