Chiral Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy for Characterizing Protein Secondary Structures at Interfaces

<i>In situ</i> and real-time characterization of protein secondary structures at interfaces is important in biological and bioengineering sciences, yet remains technically challenging. In this study, we used chiral sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to establish a set of vibrational optical markers for characterizing protein secondary structures at interfaces. We discovered that the N–H stretches along the peptide backbones of α-helices can be detected in chiral SFG spectra. We further observed that the chiral vibrational signatures of the N–H stretch together with the peptide amide I are unique to α-helix, β-sheet, and random coil at interfaces. Using these chiral vibrational signatures, we studied the aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), which is implicated in type II diabetes. We observed <i>in situ</i> and in real time the misfolding of hIAPP from random coils to α-helices and then β-sheets upon interaction with a lipid–water interface. Our findings show that chiral SFG spectroscopy is a powerful tool to follow changes in protein conformations at interfaces and identify interfacial protein secondary structures that elude conventional techniques