Structure and Stability of Lithium Superoxide Clusters and Relevance to Li–O₂ Batteries

The discharge mechanism of a Li–O₂ battery involves lithium superoxide (LiO₂) radicals. In this Letter, we have performed high-level quantum chemical calculations (G4MP2) to investigate the structure and stability of LiO₂ clusters. The clusters have planar ring-shaped structures, high spins, and are thermodynamically more stable than LiO₂ dimer. The computed energy barrier for disproportionation of the larger clusters is also significantly higher than the corresponding barrier in the LiO₂ dimer (1.0 eV vs 0.5 eV). This means that disproportionation rate should be much slower if the reaction involves LiO₂ clusters other than the dimer. As a result, the clusters may survive long enough to be incorporated into the growing discharge product. These results are discussed in terms of recent experimental studies of the electronic structure and morphology of the discharge products in Li–air batteries