Schematic life cycle of <i>Aurelia</i>.

<p>Normal development traits and stages were presented with black illustrates and arrows, whereas modifications of the typical life cycle were drawn with colored objects (Red: process described in this study; others: process published with references herein). I: direct development of planula; II: production of elongated stolons, podocysts, and free-swimming propagules from scyphistoma; III: reverse development of ephyra; IV: direct polyp formation from degenerating juvenile medusa and medusa tissue fragments; V: direct polyp formation from living medusa; VI: polyp colony release from medusa-polyp complex.