Implementing change: Matching implementation methods and change type

The implementation of organizational change has long been problematic. Over time two approaches have developed. The participative approach assumes that employee support is a pre-requisite of change. The unilateral approach argues that behavior must be changed first and attitude will follow. The results of a study of 408 change episodes indicate that unilateral implementation approaches are more effective than participative. While employee support was related to change success, it was the function of change type not participative implementation. Behavioral-social change types generate more support than technical-structural changes. The implications for future research are discussed