Sperm headshape analysis.

<p>(A) The distribution of specific headshape defect categories among testicular sperm from X^{<i>E</i>,<i>Z2</i>}Y*^X<i>Sry</i> (n = 41 sperm from 3 males), X^<i>E</i><i>Sxr</i>^bY*^X (n = 19 sperm from 2 males), and XY*^X<i>Sxr</i>^a (44 sperm from 3 males) males. (B) The categories of headshape defects. Normal: represents a normal shape of testicular sperm head. A ("dolphin"): sperm head is elongated and has some curvature reminiscent of crescent shape typical for mouse sperm, small hooked tip can be differentiated. B ("mushroom"): sperm head is elongated but the curvature is not present, hint of a hooked tip can sometimes be observed. C ("cupcake"): sperm head is no longer elongated, the caudal side is wider than in A and B categories, and opens up to a wide dorsal side; hint of a hooked tip can be sometimes be seen. D ("egg"): sperm head has an oval shape with no mark of a hooked tip. The head is less elongated than in category B; E ("ball"): sperm head has a round shape with no hint of a hooked tip, is smaller than in all other categories, and is strongly stained indicative of high DNA condensation; F ("drumstick"): sperm head is elongated, has no traces of a hooked tip, is longer and thinner than in category A&B but shorter than in G. G ("club"): sperm head is clearly elongated with no hint of a hooked tip, and very poorly condensed. Scale = 5 μm.