Auxin Response Factor SlARF2 Is an Essential Component of the Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Fruit Ripening in Tomato

<div><p>Ethylene is the main regulator of climacteric fruit ripening, by contrast the putative role of other phytohormones in this process remains poorly understood. The present study brings auxin signaling components into the mechanism regulating tomato fruit ripening through the functional characterization of <i>Auxin Response Factor2</i> (<i>SlARF2</i>) which encodes a downstream component of auxin signaling. Two paralogs, <i>SlARF2A</i> and <i>SlARF2B</i>, are found in the tomato genome, both displaying a marked ripening-associated expression but distinct responsiveness to ethylene and auxin. Down-regulation of either <i>SlARF2A</i> or <i>SlARF2B</i> resulted in ripening defects while simultaneous silencing of both genes led to severe ripening inhibition suggesting a functional redundancy among the two ARFs. Tomato fruits under-expressing <i>SlARF2</i> produced less climacteric ethylene and exhibited a dramatic down-regulation of the key ripening regulators <i>RIN</i>, <i>CNR</i>, <i>NOR</i> and <i>TAGL1</i>. Ethylene treatment failed to reverse the non-ripening phenotype and the expression of ethylene signaling and biosynthesis genes was strongly altered in <i>SlARF2</i> down-regulated fruits. Although both SlARF proteins are transcriptional repressors the data indicate they work as positive regulators of tomato fruit ripening. Altogether, the study defines SlARF2 as a new component of the regulatory network controlling the ripening process in tomato.</p>