Genome-Wide Association Study of Grain Appearance and Milling Quality in a Worldwide Collection of <i>Indica</i> Rice Germplasm

<div><p>Grain appearance quality and milling quality are the main determinants of market value of rice. Breeding for improved grain quality is a major objective of rice breeding worldwide. Identification of genes/QTL controlling quality traits is the prerequisite for increasing breeding efficiency through marker-assisted selection. Here, we reported a genome-wide association study in <i>indica</i> rice to identify QTL associated with 10 appearance and milling quality related traits, including grain length, grain width, grain length to width ratio, grain thickness, thousand grain weight, degree of endosperm chalkiness, percentage of grains with chalkiness, brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head milled rice rate. A diversity panel consisting of 272 <i>indica</i> accessions collected worldwide was evaluated in four locations including Hangzhou, Jingzhou, Sanya and Shenzhen representing <i>indica</i> rice production environments in China and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing and Diversity Arrays Technology based on next-generation sequencing technique called DArTseq™. A wide range of variation was observed for all traits in all environments. A total of 16 different association analysis models were compared to determine the best model for each trait-environment combination. Association mapping based on 18,824 high quality markers yielded 38 QTL for the 10 traits. Five of the detected QTL corresponded to known genes or fine mapped QTL. Among the 33 novel QTL identified, <i>qDEC1</i>.<i>1</i> (<i>qGLWR1</i>.<i>1</i>), <i>qBRR2</i>.<i>2</i> (<i>qGL2</i>.<i>1</i>), <i>qTGW2</i>.<i>1</i> (<i>qGL2</i>.<i>2</i>), <i>qGW11</i>.<i>1</i> (<i>qMRR11</i>.<i>1</i>) and <i>qGL7</i>.<i>1</i> affected multiple traits with relatively large effects and/or were detected in multiple environments. The research provided an insight of the genetic architecture of rice grain quality and important information for mining genes/QTL with large effects within <i>indica</i> accessions for rice breeding.</p>