Kidneys of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-fed mice do not show definitive morphological changes on routine histological examination.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative macroscopic photographs of the kidneys. Scale bar = 5 mm. (<b>B</b>) Kidney weights in control (<i>white bar</i>) and DDC-fed mice (<i>black bar</i>) at days 1, 3, and 7. (<b>C</b>) Histopathological images of kidneys of control and DDC-fed mice at days 1, 3, and 7 (top row, hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] staining; bottom row, periodic acid-Schiff [PAS] staining). PT, proximal tubules; DT, distal tubules; G, glomeruli. Scale bars = 100 μm. (<b>D</b>) Counts of Ly-6G/-6C-positive neutrophils and leukocyte common antigen (LCA)–positive lymphocytes in control (<i>white bar</i>) and DDC-fed mice (<i>black bar</i>) at days 1, 3, and 7. Data are presented as means ± SEM. NS, not significant; ND, not detected. (<b>E</b>) Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses for tumor necrosis factor-α (<i>Tnf-α</i>), interleukin-1β (<i>Il-1β</i>), interleukin-6 (<i>Il-6</i>), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (<i>Timp1</i>) mRNA in control and DDC-fed mice at days 3 and 7. Values are normalized to <i>Gapdh</i> expression. The mRNA values were analyzed by the two-tailed Student’s <i>t</i> test. Data are presented as means ± SD. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with control mice.