Formation of Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Derived Protrusions and Vesicles in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

<div><p>Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that have inner and outer membranes. In plants, the inner membrane has been well studied but relatively little is known about the outer membrane. Here we report that Arabidopsis cells have mitochondrial outer membrane-derived structures, some of which protrude from the main body of mitochondria (<u>m</u>itochondrial <u>o</u>uter-membrane <u>p</u>rotrusions; MOPs), while others form vesicle-like structures without a matrix marker. The latter vesicle-like structures are similar to some mammalian MDVs (<u>m</u>itochondrial-<u>d</u>erived <u>v</u>esicles). Live imaging demonstrated that a plant MDV budded off from the tip of a MOP. MDVs were also observed in the <i>drp3a drp3b</i> double mutant, indicating that they could be formed without the mitochondrial fission factors DRP3A and DRP3B. Double staining studies showed that the MDVs were not peroxisomes, endosomes, Golgi apparatus or trans-Golgi network (TGN). The numbers of MDVs and MOPs increased in senescent leaves and after dark treatment. Together, these results suggest that MDVs and MOPs are related to leaf senescence.</p>