Effects of GNP and its derivatives on ROS production in Panc-1 cells.

<p>ROS production in Panc-1 cells was assessed by DCFH-DA staining. DCF fluorescence was observed under a fluorescence microscope (magnification, 400×). (B) DCF fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry. (C) Panc-1 cells were pre-treated with 10 mM NAC and then treated with GNP and its derivatives at 200 μM for 24 h. DCF fluorescence intensity was measured using a multimode plate reader. Concurrent treatment with NAC significantly decreased the fluorescence intensities of the DCFH-DA reactions induced by GNP (***p<0.001), 10-GNP1 (*p<0.05) and 10-GNP2 (***p<0.001). (D) Cell viability was determined using crystal violet colorimetric assay. NAC treatment significantly increased the Panc-1 cell growth rate in the presence of 10-GNP1 and 10-GNP2 (*p<0.05). (E) The mitochondrial membrane potential of Panc-1 cells was measured using JC-1 dye. The data are expressed as the 600/535 nm fluorescence ratio. Statistical analysis: (*p<0.05), GNP derivatives <i>vs</i>. GNP; (^#p<0.05), GNP and its derivatives <i>vs</i>. control. For all experiments, the values are the mean (±SE) of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.