Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination graph of lichen species composition.

<p>Lichens of 57 taxa on 384 trees in a total of 96 managed forest stands of <i>Picea abies</i>, <i>Pinus contorta</i>, and <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> in (a) 15-year-old, (b) 30-year-old, and (c) 85-year-old stands. Triangles = <i>Picea abies</i>, crosses = <i>Pinus contorta</i>, and squares = <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>. Correlation coefficients between five environmental variables and the NMDS scores are presented as vectors from the origin. The lengths of the vectors are arbitrarily scaled to make a readable biplot, so only their directions and relative lengths should be considered. All NMDSs resulted in 2-dimensional solutions with all final stresses < 0.14. Axis 1 explained most of the variance in the data. The following terms have been abbreviated: bark crevice depth (Bark crevice) and diameter at breast height (Dbh).