Development of Antibiotic Resistance during Simulated Treatment of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in Chemostats

<div><p>During treatment of infections with antibiotics in critically ill patients in the intensive care resistance often develops. This study aims to establish whether under those conditions this resistance can develop <i>de novo</i> or that genetic exchange between bacteria is by necessity involved. Chemostat cultures of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> were exposed to treatment regimes with ceftazidime and meropenem that simulated conditions expected in patient plasma. Development of antibiotic resistance was monitored and mutations in resistance genes were searched for by sequencing PCR products. Even at the highest concentrations that can be expected in patients, sufficient bacteria survived in clumps of filamentous cells to recover and grow out after 3 to 5 days. At the end of a 7 days simulated treatment, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) had increased by a factor between 10 and 10,000 depending on the antibiotic and the treatment protocol. The fitness costs of resistance were minimal. In the resistant strains, only three mutations were observed in genes associated with beta-lactam resistance. The development of resistance often observed during patient treatment can be explained by <i>de novo</i> acquisition of resistance and genetic exchange of resistance genes is not by necessity involved. As far as conclusions based on an <i>in vitro</i> study using <i>P</i>. <i>aeruginosa</i> and only two antibiotics can be generalized, it seems that development of resistance can be minimized by treating with antibiotics in the highest concentration the patient can endure for the shortest time needed to eliminate the infection.</p>