HSV-2/SIV co-infected macaques have a higher pro-inflammatory environment.

<p>A) The levels of cytokines and chemokines significantly modulated by HSV-2 co-infection in rectal swabs on day 7 post-SIVmac239wt challenge are shown for all animals in round 1 and 2 that acquired HSV-2, SIVΔNef or SIVmac239wt infection (all 3 or any combination of them) compared to those that remained uninfected (Uninf). B-C) Cells from iliac LNs were gated on live, singlets and CD3⁺ CD4⁺ (B) or Lin^- HLA-DR⁺ (C) cells. The expression of CCR6 on CD4⁺ T cells and the frequencies of α₄β₇⁺ DCs and CD103⁺ DCs are shown for all animals in round 2 that acquired HSV-2, SIVΔNef and/or SIVmac239wt infection compared to the one that remained uninfected (Uninf) D-E) Cells from MLNs were gated on live, singlets and CD3⁺ CD4⁺ (D) or Lin^- HLA-DR⁺ (E) and the frequency of CCR5⁺ cells within CD95⁺ CD4⁺ T cells (D) and CCR7⁺ DCs and the expression of CD80 on DCs (E) are shown for all animals in round 2 that acquired HSV-2, SIVΔNef and/or SIVmac239wt infection compared to the one that remained uninfected (Uninf). Bars represent mean±SEM. Significant p values from Mann-Whitney test are shown (α<0.05). p<0.125 are also shown to indicate a tendency toward a significant difference.