Visualization of the leading-edge vortex during the 6th wingbeat for the simplified kinematics cases, IGE.

<p>Left column (a-e) shows the dimensionless pressure distribution over the surface of the model and over a semisphere of radius 0.9<i>R</i> around the body point of reference. Middle column (f-j) shows the pressure iso-contours for two different takeoffs: N/m and 0.0430 N/m. Right column (k-o) compares iso-contours of the dimensionless vorticity magnitude for the same two takeoffs. Time instants are <i>t</i> = 24.73, 25.68, 26.63, 27.58 and 28.53 ms (<i>tf</i> = 5.2, 5.4 5.6, 5.8 and 6, where <i>f</i> is the wingbeat frequency).