Plasma (memory) B cells (CD19⁺CD27⁺CD138⁺) are major contributors to cytokine production.

<p>B cells were stimulated for 16-hours with various antigens, whereafter flow cytometric analysis were performed to assess intracellular cytokine production of specific B cell subsets. Each box-plot represents the relative cytokine production as contributed by the respective B cell subset, and according to stimulating condition. The contribution of each B cell subset in a graph adds up to 100% of the total respective cytokine’s production, for that stimulating condition. Graphs are included for the frequency of the four cytokine measured, including (A) IL-10 and (B) IL-17, (C) IL-21 and (D) TNF-α.