G6PD is required for the TNF-α-induced activation of NOX signaling and antiviral response.

<p>(A) The activity of NOX was measured by a lucigenin chemiluminescence assay. Data are the means ±SD, n = 3. *p<0.05. (B) The mRNA level of NOX subunits were determined by quantitative PCR in scramble control and G6PD-kd A549 cells. Data are the means ±SD, n = 3. *p<0.05. (C) The expression level of NOX subunits were determined by western blot in scramble control and G6PD-kd A549 cells. β-Actin expression was shown as the loading control. Numbers represent relative fold differences of protein levels on the basis of densitometer quantitation. Data are means ±SD of three separate experiments, *p<0.05 vs. scramble control. (D) Scramble control and G6PD-kd A549 cells were infected with coronavirus (0.1 MOI) for 8 h upon universal negative control (NC) or NOX2-targeting siRNA pretreatment, and the infected cells were harvested for analyzing viral mRNA expression. Data are the means ±SD, n = 3. *p<0.05.