Serum levels of immune markers among patients with <i>Plasmodium</i>/DENV co-infection, DENV mono-infection, and <i>Plasmodium</i> mono-infection.

<p>Serum levels were analyzed by 17-plex cytokine array (Biorad Laboratories) for all immune markers except TGF-β1, which was measured by an R&D Systems ELISA kit. Three immune markers were excluded (GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-2) from this analysis because more than 25% of the values fell below the limit of detection of the assays. Horizontal bars represent group median and inter-quartile range. Red dotted lines show lower limit of detection for each immune marker. Units on the y-axis are log 10 transformed scales of analyte concentration in ng/mL for all immune markers except for TGF-β1, which is represented in μg/mL. * p<0.05 for group comparison by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post-hoc Dunn’s pair-wise comparison.