Standardized effect size (SES) from checkerboard scores, an index of epifaunal species co-occurrences in core samples from Experiment 2 across two seasons.

<p>Values >2 indicate significantly fewer associations than would be expected from chance, whereas values < -2 indicate the opposite. Values in the range [-2, 2] indicate random segregation of species in experimental replicates. Large points are marginal means ± 1 SE estimated from generalized linear mixed effects models that account for variable sampling effort. Colors correspond to the size of the experimental landscape: small (4 m²), medium (100 m²), both fragmented and unfragmented, and large fragmented (400 m²).