Eclogite–high-pressure granulite metamorphism records early collision in West Gondwana: new data from the Southern Brasília Belt, Brazil

<p>Nappes in the southern sector of the Southern Brasília Belt record suturing of the Paranapanema Block and Socorro–Guaxupé Arc with a subducted passive margin on the western side of the São Francisco Craton. We report secondary ion mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon ages that for the first time constrain the age of: (1) retrograded eclogite from a block along the tectonic contact beneath the uppermost nappe in a stack of passive margin-derived nappes; (2) high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in the uppermost passive margin-derived nappe; (3) high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in the overlying arc-derived nappe. Rare zircons from a retrograded eclogite yield a ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 678 ± 29 Ma, which we interpret as most likely to date close-to-peak-<em>P</em> metamorphism and to provide a minimum age for detachment of the overlying passive margin-derived nappe from the subducting plate. Zircon associated with ilmenite in samples from two structural levels in the passive margin-derived high-pressure granulite nappe yields ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 648 ± 12 and 647 ± 11 Ma, and Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures from <em>c</em>. 860 °C down to <em>c</em>. 785 °C, but skewed toward the lower part of the range. These data indicate zircon formation during cooling from around peak <em>T</em> to the solidus, consistent with the high-<em>T</em> retrograde <em>P</em>–<em>T</em> path deduced from microstructures linked to phase assemblage fields in isochemical phase diagrams. Rb–Sr multi-mineral–whole-rock isochrons from two samples from close to the bottom of this nappe date formation of a retrograde sillimanite-bearing penetrative fabric to <em>c</em>. 590 Ma at temperatures of <em>c</em>. 750 °C (based on Ti-in-quartz thermometry). Rare zircons from leucosome in high-pressure granulite from the overlying arc-derived nappe yield a ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 622 ± 28 Ma and Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures from <em>c</em>. 970 °C down to <em>c</em>. 820 °C, which we interpret to record formation of zircon during cooling from peak high-pressure granulite-facies conditions. These ages indicate that the first stage of craton amalgamation in West Gondwana may have occurred earlier than previously inferred.