Biomarker covariance with concussion history in athletes.

<p><i>brain injury markers</i>: s100 calcium-binding protein B (s100B), neuron specific enolase (NSE), Neurogranin (NRGN), tau, von Willebrond factor (vWF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), peroxiredoxin (PRDX)– 6; <i>inflammatory markers</i>: interleukin (IL) -12p40, -15, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, -4, interferon gamma induced protein (IP) -10, macrophage derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC), eotaxin. Blood biomarker contributions are displayed on the x-axis for males, and y-axis for females, in (A) healthy athletes with vs. without a history of concussion, (B) healthy athletes with a single previous concussion vs. no history of concussion, and (C) healthy athletes with multiple previous concussions vs. no history of concussion. Dots represent z-scores derived from individual bootstrapped loadings divided by the standard error of the mean. FDR = 0.05.