Atomic-Scale Observations of (010) LiFePO₄ Surfaces Before and After Chemical Delithiation

The ability to view directly the surface structures of battery materials with atomic resolution promises to dramatically improve our understanding of lithium (de)­intercalation and related processes. Here we report the use of state-of-the-art scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques to probe the (010) surface of commercially important material LiFePO₄ and compare the results with theoretical models. The surface structure is noticeably different depending on whether Li ions are present in the topmost surface layer or not. Li ions are also found to migrate back to surface regions from within the crystal relatively quickly after partial delithiation, demonstrating the facile nature of Li transport in the [010] direction. The results are consistent with phase transformation models involving metastable phase formation and relaxation, providing atomic-level insights into these fundamental processes