Effects of Salt Stress on Three Ecologically Distinct <i>Plantago</i> Species

<div><p>Comparative studies on the responses to salt stress of taxonomically related taxa should help to elucidate relevant mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants. We have applied this strategy to three <i>Plantago</i> species adapted to different natural habitats, <i>P</i>. <i>crassifolia</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>coronopus</i>–both halophytes–and <i>P</i>. <i>major</i>, considered as salt-sensitive since it is never found in natural saline habitats. Growth inhibition measurements in controlled salt treatments indicated, however, that <i>P</i>. <i>major</i> is quite resistant to salt stress, although less than its halophytic congeners. The contents of monovalent ions and specific osmolytes were determined in plant leaves after four-week salt treatments. Salt-treated plants of the three taxa accumulated Na⁺ and Cl^- in response to increasing external NaCl concentrations, to a lesser extent in <i>P</i>. <i>major</i> than in the halophytes; the latter species also showed higher ion contents in the non-stressed plants. In the halophytes, K⁺ concentration decreased at moderate salinity levels, to increase again under high salt conditions, whereas in <i>P</i>. <i>major</i> K⁺ contents were reduced only above 400 mM NaCl. Sorbitol contents augmented in all plants, roughly in parallel with increasing salinity, but the relative increments and the absolute values reached did not differ much in the three taxa. On the contrary, a strong (relative) accumulation of proline in response to high salt concentrations (600–800 mM NaCl) was observed in the halophytes, but not in <i>P</i>. <i>major</i>. These results indicate that the responses to salt stress triggered specifically in the halophytes, and therefore the most relevant for tolerance in the genus <i>Plantago</i> are: a higher efficiency in the transport of toxic ions to the leaves, the capacity to use inorganic ions as osmotica, even under low salinity conditions, and the activation, in response to very high salt concentrations, of proline accumulation and K⁺ transport to the leaves of the plants.</p>