Glutamate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells was improved by PFF treatment.

<p>PC12 cells were stimulated with glutamate (5 mM, 24 h) in the presence or absence of PFF (10 μM). (A) Cells were immunolabelled with a Tomm20 antibody, followed by the addition of Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody. Representative immunofluorescence images (scale bars = 10 μm). (B) Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured under the indicated conditions using the ΔΨm-sensitive fluorochrome MitoTracker Red CMXRos and flow cytometric analysis. (C) MitoTracker fluorescence signals for mitochondrial mass were measured using flow cytometric analysis. (Left in B and C) Representative histogram from three independent replicates. (Right in B and C) Bar graph shows ΔΨm (B) or mitochondrial mass (C) mean fluorescence intensities. Data represent the means and SD of three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001 vs. the control group. U, untreated condition. Glut, glutamate.