Three-Dimensional Porous Graphene Aerogel Cathode with High Sulfur Loading and Embedded TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Three-dimensional graphene aerogel/TiO₂/sulfur (GA/TiO₂/S) composites are synthesized through a facile, one-pot hydrothermal route as the cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries. With a high sulfur content of 75.1 wt %, the conductive, highly porous composite electrode delivers a high discharge capacity of 512 mA h/g after 250 cycles at a current rate of 1 C with a low capacity decay of 0.128% per cycle. The excellent capacities and cyclic stability arise from several unique functional features of the cathode. (i) The conductive graphene aerogel framework ameliorates ion/electron transfer while accommodating the volume expansion induced during discharge, and (ii) TiO₂ nanoparticles play an important role in restricting the dissolution of polysulfides by chemical bonds with sulfur