Experimental conditions and schematic illustrations of some conditions and a target display.

<p>In (a), the order of all experimental conditions and respective numbers of trials used are shown. Conditions where visual feedback (FB) of hand movement was present and/or visual feedback was rotated (Rotation) are marked in shaded squares. Participants were informed of the type of visual feedback at the beginning of each condition. For the conditions where the display of visual feedback was absent, participants were instructed to perform the task as if it were in a veridical-feedback environment or in a rotated-feedback environment. In (b), there are illustrations of selected experimental conditions, where hand movement (H), the starting position (SP), the target (T), and the feedback cursor (C) are shown. In (c), there is an illustration of the SP, target, and cursor display. In (d), there is an illustration of calculating adaptive shift and after-effect based on the pre-test, post-test adaptive-change and post-test after-effect for hand movements. The angular deviation (AD) is calculated as the direction of hand movement from the line connecting the hand position at movement onset and the center of the target. Adaptive shift (or after-effect) is calculated by subtracting AD1 from AD2 (or AD3).